Drones vs Mass in the Ukraine War

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Drones vs Mass in the Ukraine War
Can silicon and software bend an industrial war?

A Russian tank taken out by a jury-rigged FPV (First-Person View) quadcopter; an oil refinery 1,500 kilometres from the front burning because of a composite airframe the size of a bicycle. Those images are no longer novelties but the grammar of the war. By late 2025, Ukraine and Russia are flying millions of drones a year; up to three-quarters of equipment losses on both sides are now drone-related.

The question has sharpened: can Ukraine, with fewer people and less steel, use drones plus Western supply to bend the attrition curve far enough to offset Russia’s larger economy and mobilisation base? The sober answer is that drones have created a second front and prevented defeat, but they have not abolished mass. Whether they deliver victory depends on three equations: tactical kill chains, industrial cadence, and political will.

What has changed since the “first wave”

In 2023–24, FPV drones were an improvisation feeding into a static line: GoPros on quadcopters, artisanal bombs, Telegram fundraisers. That phase is over. By 2025, Ukraine alone is expected to produce more than 4.5 million UAVs of various classes, over two million of them FPVs. Russia has industrialised its own production, importing components from Asia and building domestic lines. Both sides now field drone “armies” as an integral part of brigades, not as exotic adjuncts.

Several other trends matter.

– Large, high-altitude drones have largely disappeared over the front; air defence and EW made them too vulnerable. The battlefield is dominated by cheap, low-flying, expendable systems.
– Electronic warfare has scaled on both sides: jamming, spoofing and direction-finding make simple radio-linked drones increasingly fragile.
– Long-range one-way drones and cruise missiles have turned the Russian rear, especially the energy sector, into a battleground: Ukraine has hit at least 21 of Russia’s major refineries since early 2024, in some months knocking 15–20% of refining capacity offline, even if Moscow has often compensated by rerouting flows.

Yet the map is largely static. As of late 2025 the front is a brutal stalemate of trenches, mines, artillery and drones; Russia has clawed forward in some sectors by concentrating glide bombs and infantry, but the broad line moves slowly, if at all.

1. FPVs: the new small-unit artillery

FPV drones have become the poor man’s precision artillery. A good operator can put a shaped charge into a dugout, a vehicle vision slit or a gun emplacement at a fraction of the cost of a guided shell. Ukrainian and Russian brigades now consume hundreds of FPVs per month; their real requirement is in the thousands.

Their effect is threefold.

– They turn movement into risk. Any exposed vehicle, logistics run or small assault group can be hunted in near real time.
– They substitute for shells at the margin, though not completely.
– They impose cognitive and training demands. Skilled FPV pilots are scarce; many drones fail before reaching their target.

FPVs provide tactical survival rather than operational breakthrough. They help Ukraine bleed Russian assaults and complicate logistics, but Russia now mirrors the same capability. Innovation yields local edges, not decisive asymmetry.

2. OWAs and deep strikes: a second front against the Russian rear

If FPVs are the razor at the front, One-Way Attack drones are the slow knife in Russia’s back. Since early 2024 Ukraine has progressively extended its reach, hitting refineries, depots, rail nodes and Black Sea infrastructure up to 2,000 km inside Russia.

Three things stand out in 2025.

– Scale: campaign tempo has accelerated, with repeated strikes on the same facilities.
– Economic impact: at points this year, 15–20% of Russia’s refining capacity has been forced offline, generating regional fuel shortages.
– Adaptation: Russia disperses facilities, strengthens air defence and activates idle capacity. Output drops are often cushioned.

The deep-strike campaign taxes the Russian war economy and forces costly adaptation. But it has not yet broken the Kremlin’s ability to fuel and fund the war.

3. Autonomy and the collapsing kill-chain

The deeper revolution is autonomy. In 2022 drones were little more than RC toys. By 2025, on-board processing and autonomy compress the kill chain:

– autonomous navigation under GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) jamming;
– target recognition that reduces operator workload;
– multi-drone control where one operator supervises several platforms.

Autonomy is the antidote to EW. If the link is severed, the drone can still home in. It is also the path to scaling: one skilled human can manage a fleet. True swarming remains limited and brittle, but incremental autonomy is already eroding Russia’s EW advantage.

4. Ground drones: from experiment to doctrine

The forecast of soldier-replacement UGVs on a five-to-seven-year horizon now looks conservative. Ukraine has run large-scale UGV trials; the defence ministry has certified several models; frontline deployments are under way.

Gun-armed robots have already held frontline positions in exposed sectors. Logistics mules, CASEVAC platforms, de-mining rigs and armed pickets are entering service. The outlines of a doctrinal shift are visible: robots probe, carry and occasionally fire; humans manage a robotic perimeter.

For Ukraine—demographically strained—this is one of the few ways to sustain a long war without hollowing out society. UGVs will not replace soldiers; but they redistribute risk.

5. Mass is back: shells, factories and Europe’s half-awake arsenal

Drones do not erase the need for shells. Europe is belatedly rebuilding its munitions base: plants in Poland, Bulgaria and elsewhere are expanding output; Czech-led initiatives are delivering over a million shells in 2025; a UK- and Latvia-led drone coalition is supplying tens of thousands of systems.

But Europe still behaves like a committee more than an arsenal. Orders are often short-term; industrial scaling remains hesitant. Political volatility makes long-term planning fragile. The continent is moving—more than in 2022—but not yet at wartime tempo.

6. Three equations that decide whether drones can win

a) Tactical: kill per sortie vs cost
If cheap drones keep destroying higher-value assets at scale, Ukraine gains a battlefield economy advantage. But Russia mirrors the tactic. The contest is a race of adaptation.

b) Industrial: cadence vs attrition
Ukraine needs millions of drones and millions of shells annually. Domestic capacity is rising; Western supply is improving. Russia, meanwhile, mobilises a wartime economy willing to absorb huge casualties. Victory depends on shifting the replacement-rate ratio.

c) Political: leash length vs escalation fear
Deep strikes matter only if Ukraine is permitted to conduct them. Western red lines have softened in practice, but could tighten again. A long leash allows cumulative economic pressure; a short leash reduces drones to harassment.

7. If the war pauses, and then resumes

A ceasefire would be an industrial intermission, not an end. The side that uses it to lock in multi-year drone, shell and UGV production—and refine doctrine—will restart stronger. Europe’s latent capacity exceeds Russia’s; its political will does not always keep pace.

Conclusion: drones vs mass, or drones with mass?

The war has not delivered a technological morality play in which silicon defeats steel. It has shown that:

– drones are now the dominant instruments of attrition;
– they allow a weaker state to project force deep into a stronger state’s rear;
– they enable manpower savings when paired with artillery, EW and UGVs.

But they do not erase the need for shells, factories and political resolve. The war is not “drones vs mass” but drones as the new face of mass.

For Ukraine to gain a winning hand, three conditions must converge and persist:

– industrial cadence at scale;
– doctrinal integration that preserves soldiers and maintains pressure;
– political resolve to allow deep strikes and long-term procurement.

Absent these, expect plateau and a ceasefire on Moscow’s terms. With them, Ukraine becomes the prototype for an era where mid-tier states, equipped with cheap autonomy, can resist larger powers far longer than classical theory predicted.

Europe, meanwhile, must decide whether it wishes to be an arsenal—or remain a squabbling committee.

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